911 is a service offered to the general public for reporting an emergency. Although every system is unique, a 9-1-1 system works primarily in the following way: the three digit emergency number 9-1-1 is dialed the call is answered at a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) the trained telecommunicator at the PSAP receives the emergency information from the caller, and the telecommunicator dispatches the appropriate agency to the emergency If a person dials 9-1-1 in an area not served by a 9-1-1 system, a telephone intercept should be received notifying the caller to hang up and dial the appropriate seven digit emergency number in that area or "0" for the operator. There are some urban/rural areas that utilize a fast, busy signal instead of the intercept. Some territories are 9-1-1 capable, but are not served by a 9-1-1 PSAP. Usually this is due to an emergency agency which does not want to participate in the system. Instead, they will utilize their own seven digit emergency number. Upon receipt of the call, the PSAP will notify the appropriate agency of the call even though it does not serve that emergency agency. Benefits of 9-1-1 The major benefits of 9-1-1 to citizens and public safety agencies should be understood by those involved in the planning and implementation of 9-1-1 systems. The means by which 9-1-1 provides this benefit is primarily by saving time in the overall response of a public safety agency. The total time required in response to a perceived emergency is the sum of: Time from citizen perception of an emergency situation to the time he or she reaches the correct public safety agency; time from reception of a call by the agency to the time an emergency service vehicle is despatched to the scene of the emergency; time from the dispatch of the vehicle to the time it arrives at the scene of the emergency. A 9-1-1 system can save valuable minutes in that initial period of time especially when reaching the appropriate emergency agency can mean life or death. A number of surveys have been conducted on the problems citizens have had in reaching their public safety agencies. These surveys showed that less than 50% of the citizens knew the telephone numbers of their own public safety agencies, and when citizens are traveling, only a very few would know the appropriate agencies, much less the emergency telephone numbers of those agencies. Citizens who did not know the correct emergency telephone number relied on telephone books or direct calls(-dial "0"-) to telephone company operators. Telephone operators have historically provided the citizen who does not know the correct number with assistance through dial "0" service. However, these operators are not highly trained in emergency service requirements and they must search the telephone directories for the telephone number to the correct agency. An additional complication with the use of the telephone operator for emergencies is the gradual reduction of the number of operator centers that has been caused by the automation of telephone switching centers. An operator reached through dialing "0" in an emergency could be located over 200 miles from the caller and would, therefore, be ill-equipped to assist the citizen in selecting the correct agency. Average call delays for citizens not knowing the correct number ranged from one to 3.5 minutes, depending upon the agency type and the number of agencies contacted before the correct agency was reached. Fully 20% of the citizens surveyed had an average delay of 3.5 minutes because of failure to reach the correct agency on the first contact. Additionally, 10% of these citizens needed assistance from more than one type of agency. These long delays in citizen access to public safety agencies are caused by citizen confusion about agency identification and the lack of easily located emergency number. By utilizing 9-1-1 as a universal emergency number, both these problem areas will be eliminated. The three digit number is easily remembered, and trained answering personnel can quickly identify the correct agency and provid the transfer of emergency information to that agency. The benefits of reduced response time by emergency service agencies are quite clear. A study of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement has shown a direct relationship between apprehension of criminals and low response time. A reduction of an average of only one minute in fire response time possibly could save millions of dollars annually in any state. Finally, a reduction in response time for ambulance and rescue units will reduce the death rate in heart attack, injury accident and other life and death medical emergencies. An important but somewhat less visible benefit of 9-1-1 is the more efficient, more cost-effective, use of scarce emergency service resources for the public benefit.